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Processing Data

Updated Sep 26, 2019 ·

Data Processing​

Data processing is essential for transforming raw data into useful information. It involves converting unprocessed data into formats that are easier to analyze and use.

  • Data Conversion

    • Raw data is converted into structured formats.
    • For example, large audio files are compressed to reduce size while maintaining quality.

  • Cost Efficiency

    • Processing reduces the amount of storage and network bandwidth needed.
    • Compressed data is smaller and more manageable than uncompressed data.

Processing Data​

In music streaming platforms, data is processed to optimize performance and reduce costs. For instance, high-quality audio files are converted into a lighter format for streaming.

  • File Conversion

    • Master files (e.g., wav, flac) are converted to smaller .ogg files.
    • This reduces network costs while streaming.

  • Metadata Extraction

    • Metadata from music files is extracted and stored in a database.
    • Allows for easy access and analysis by data scientists.

Responsibilities of Data Engineers​

Data engineers handle various aspects of data processing to ensure it is clean, well-structured, and optimized for analysis.

  • Data Manipulation and Cleaning

    • Tasks that can be automated.
    • Remove corrupted files and handle missing metadata.
    • Decide on actions for incomplete data, like default values.

  • Data Structuring

    • Ensure data is stored in an organized format within databases.
    • Create views for combining data from multiple tables for easier analysis.

  • Performance Optimization

    • Index data to improve retrieval speed and efficiency.

Scheduling​

Scheduling is essential for managing data processing tasks. It ensures that tasks are executed in the correct order and dependencies are resolved efficiently.

  • Organizes tasks to work together smoothly.
  • Manages execution order and dependency resolution.

Types of Scheduling​

There are several methods for scheduling tasks, each with its own use cases.

  • Manual Scheduling

    • Tasks are executed by human intervention.
    • Not automated
    • Example: Updating an employee record manually when someone changes offices.

  • Time-Based Scheduling

    • Tasks are set to run at specific times.
    • Example: Updating the employee database every morning at 6 AM.

  • Sensor-Based Scheduling

    • Tasks run based on specific conditions.
    • Sounds like best option, but requires sensors always listening.
    • More sensors means more resources required.
    • Example: Updating the departments table only if a new employee is added.

Batch and Stream Processing​

Data ingestion methods affect how data is processed and used.

  • Batch Processing

    • Data is collected and processed in groups at set intervals.
    • Typically more cost-effective and scheduled during off-peak hours.
    • Example: Updating employee data every morning, or processing songs in batches every ten minutes.

  • Stream Processing

    • Data is processed individually as it arrives.
    • Individual records are sent though the pipeline as soon as they are updated.
    • Necessary for real-time applications where immediate updates are required.
    • Example: Immediate updates to user profiles upon signup or streaming songs for online listening.

Scheduling Tools​

Various tools assist in scheduling and managing data workflows.

  • Apache Airflow
    • A tool for managing and scheduling complex workflows.
  • Luigi
    • A tool for batch processing and pipeline management.

Parallel Computing​

Parallel computing or Parallel Processing is fundamental to modern data processing tools, primarily addressing memory and processing power challenges. It involves breaking down a large processing task into smaller subtasks, which are then distributed across multiple computers.

  • Manages memory more efficiently by distributing data.
  • Enhances processing power by using multiple computers.

To understand parallel computing, consider an analogy involving folding t-shirts in a store.

  • One senior sales assistant can fold 100 shirts in 15 minutes.
  • Junior sales assistants need 30 minutes for the same amount.
  • Using one assistant, it takes 2 hours and 30 minutes to fold 1000 shirts.
  • Splitting the task into 250 shirts per assistant, four junior assistants can fold all shirts in 1 hour and 15 minutes.

Benefits and Risks​

Parallel computing offers significant advantages but also comes with trade-offs.

  • Benefits

    • Increases processing power by using multiple units.
    • Reduces memory load by partitioning data across computers.

  • Risks

    • Data movement and communication between processes can incur costs.
    • Combining subtasks into a final result can add extra time.

Additional Considerations​

In the t-shirt folding analogy, organizing shirts into piles and recombining them adds extra time to the overall process.

  • Separating into piles takes 10 minutes.
  • Recombining folded shirts takes another 5 minutes.
  • Total time becomes 1 hour and 30 minutes, instead of 1 hour and 15 minutes.

Music streaming platforms utilizes parallel computing to enhance efficiency in data processing.

  • Converts songs from lossless formats to .ogg.
  • Distributes processing tasks to multiple computers to handle large volumes efficiently.